Complete plan for the construction of small-scale pig farms
At present, the pig farming industry is in a period of transformation, and modern pig farms can be said to have become the mainstream of the pig farming industry in the future. For modern pig farms, the requirements for pig farm design and equipment are very high. Therefore, farmers must have an understanding of modern pig farm design and equipment.
1、 Site selection: Site selection
1. Long term planning
With the rapid development of today's society and the rapid progress of urban and rural construction, pig farming is a long-term industry. Therefore, the construction of pig farms should be in line with the development of cities. If it can become part of the urban vegetable basket project and build the pig farm in a planned livestock production base in the city, it can avoid the embarrassment of demolition and relocation.
In order to isolate dust/odor/noise, the pig farm should be located in the downwind direction of residential areas, at a distance of 300-500m or more, and at least 100-200m away from the main traffic line. The selected location should also have sufficient expansion space
2. Location of the pigsty
The pigsty should face north and south, with some deviation depending on the terrain and latitude, to facilitate sunny heating in winter and cool breeze in summer. Modern mechanized pig farming adopts manual climate control, with less strict requirements for orientation, and focuses more on facilitating centralized management and achieving mechanized production
3. Factors such as water, electricity, transportation, etc
A 1000 head mechanized pig farm with a daily water consumption of 16 tons must prioritize a clean and stable water source. The installed capacity of pig farms is relatively large, usually 30kW, and they cannot be powered off. Once the power is cut off, pigs will become thirsty and unable to drink water, and when they become hot, they will not be able to ventilate and cool down. When piglets become cold, they will not be able to be heated and insulated, which will seriously affect production. Therefore, it is best to build pig farms in areas with stable power supply from the grid, while also providing small generators to prevent accidents. A 1000 head pig farm with approximately 4 tons of feed/manure/pigs entering and exiting daily can reduce transportation costs by building the farm in a location with convenient transportation
4. Health and epidemic prevention
In order to maintain good hygiene and epidemic prevention conditions, the site should be selected in a high terrain/open terrain/well ventilated area, and should be far away from residential areas and medical institutions/slaughterhouses, preferably with only one access channel.
5. Fecal treatment
The amount of manure from a 1000 head pig farm is very large. If it cannot be treated in a timely and effective manner, it will pollute the surrounding environment and cause ecological imbalance. So, the selection of the site should consider being far away from drinking water sources while leaving space for sewage treatment. Fecal treatment, combined with fish pond aquaculture, fruit and vegetable cultivation, and other crop production, to turn waste into treasure; Feces can also be dried and sold as fertilizer.
2、 Functional area planning and design
The overall layout of mechanized pig farms is mainly based on the perspective of a three-dimensional health and epidemic prevention system and production management, and is divided into several areas according to functions. Generally, pig farms are divided into production buildings/production auxiliary buildings and production management buildings
Production buildings include delivery pigsty/breeding pigsty/fattening pigsty, etc
Production auxiliary buildings include feed workshops/water towers/boiler rooms/warehouses/power distribution rooms/veterinary rooms/slaughterhouses/pig loading stations, etc
The production management building includes administrative offices/dormitories, etc
Production management buildings should be separated from production buildings, and production auxiliary buildings should also be separated from production buildings as much as possible to facilitate the control of the occurrence of the epidemic; But production auxiliary buildings should be arranged around production buildings to facilitate production
On the terrain, production buildings and production auxiliary buildings should be lower than production management buildings and located in the downwind direction; The veterinary clinic/septic tank should be lower than the production building and located further downwind
Modern pig farms establish specialized pig houses according to different production processes, such as breeding houses, delivery houses, and conservation houses
The distance between pigsties shall not be less than 20m
The layout of the pigsty should facilitate the turnover of the pig herd, and the final process such as the nursery for breeding farms/the fattening pigsty for commercial pigs should consider convenient transportation to facilitate the transportation of products
There should be roads or corridors connecting each pigsty to reduce the distance between water/electricity/heating lines and improve work efficiency
The breeding and commercial groups in the pig farm should be separated, with a certain distance between the two groups for epidemic prevention, and the breeding group should be placed in the downwind direction
The feed warehouse/pig loading station should be located at the boundary of the production area to prevent vehicles from entering the production area and facilitate epidemic prevention
Greening and tree planting should be carried out around the site to regulate the microclimate
3、 Planning and Design of Production Area Buildings
When planning and designing the layout of a pigsty, the first step is to calculate the number of pigs raised/fenced during each production period according to the process of mechanization, and then proceed with the layout design
Taking an annual production of 1000 pigs as an example, calculate the number of pigs raised/fenced at each stage.
The number of pigs in each production period was reduced by using SEW feeding technology, which shortened the nursing time and increased the annual production capacity of each sow to about 2.3 fetuses per year (generally 2.1 fetuses per year). With an annual production of 1000 meat pigs, the required number of sows to be produced is: 1000 ÷ 2.3 fetuses per year ÷ 10 heads/fetus ÷ 90% ÷ 95%=40.85 heads
Take 51 pigs (including 90% survival rate for suckling pigs and 95% survival rate for piglets) and feed 10 sows less than the general feeding process
Based on 51 sows, a total of 2 boars need to be raised for the entire farm
Weekly litter size: 51 × 2.3 fetuses/year ÷ 52 weeks=2.256 fetuses
Every week, 2.256 sows are mated and 2.256 sows give birth, with a weekly litter size of 2.256 x 10=22.56
Weekly market of pigs: 22.56 x 90% x 95%=19.29 pigs, take 19 pigs
Annual listed pigs: 52 × 19=988 heads
2.3.1.2 Number of Fences 1) Boar pens: 2 pens, each with an area of 5.04m2 (2.4m x 2.1m)
2) Single mother pig pens: Total number of mother pig pens - number of mother pig pens in the delivery house=51- (3 weeks x 2.256 heads/week)=44.2 heads. Considering factors such as reserve sows, 43 pens are selected with an area of 1.26m2 (2.1m x 0.6m) per pen
3) Delivery pen: Pregnant sows enter the delivery pen one week before delivery, and the delivery pen is cleaned and disinfected three weeks before delivery/one week after delivery, for a total of five weeks
The number of delivery pens=number of sows delivered per week x 5=2.256 x 5=11.3 pens, taking 11 pens with an area of 4.07m2 (2.2m x 1.85m) per pen
4) Nursery pen: Newborn piglets enter the nursery pen, and two litters merge into one. The incubation period is 6 weeks, with one week of cleaning and disinfection, for a total of 7 weeks
The number of conservation pens=number of sows delivered per week ÷ 2 × 7=2.256 ÷ 2 × 7=7.896 pens, taking 8 pens with an area of 8.1m2 (3m × 2.7m) per pen
5) Growth and breeding pen: The growth and breeding pen usually consists of two rows, with 6 weeks of feeding during the growth period (1 week of cleaning) and 11 weeks of feeding during the breeding period
The number of conservation pens=number of sows delivered per week ÷ 2 × 6=2.256 ÷ 2 × 6=6.768 pens, with an area of 16.2m2 (5m × 2.2563m) per pen
The number of breeding pens=the number of sows giving birth per week ÷ 2 × 11=2.256 ÷ 2 × 11=12.4 pens, taking 13 pens with an area of 24m2 (5m × 4.8m) per pen
In terms of equipment categories, modern pig farm equipment includes: enclosure equipment (including positioning pens/fattening pens/delivery pens/conservation pens/dry and wet feeders/powder leakage floors/drinking water systems)
Feeding system (with material tower/line)
Fecal discharge equipment (water soaked manure, sewage valve/scraper plate)
The environmental control system includes (fan/water curtain/boiler heating/roof exhaust fan/rolling curtain/spray disinfection and cooling system/entry disinfection channel/pig house environment automatic control box) other boar equipment, breeding pig testing station, laboratory equipment, breeding tools, pregnancy testing tools, pig identification devices, pig farm management software/pig farm wide monitoring system, etc
Among these devices, positioning bars and delivery beds have been widely adopted by pig raising friends. The more popular ones now are defecation equipment and feeding equipment, environmental control equipment, and other inspection equipment in pig farms. The application of these equipment varies depending on the size of the pig farm and the quality of the personnel
The above is an introduction to the design and equipment of modern pig farms. In addition to the above, modern pig farms should also be equipped with electronic identification ear tags/tail cutters/piglet transfer vehicles, as well as flame sterilizers/veterinary tools for pigsty disinfection